can create a stripped/basic version of cornell box

1. Refactored the project
2. Changed src/shapes/rectangle.rs to make it easy to create rectangles
   aligned with any(X/Y/Z) Axis.

Cargo.lock

@@ -331,6 +331,7 @@ name = "rtnw"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "image",
+ "num-traits",
  "rand",
  "rayon",
  "sdl2",

Cargo.toml

@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ authors = ["ishanjain28 <ishanjain28@gmail.com>"]
 edition = "2018"
 name = "rtnw"
 version = "0.1.0"
-
 [dependencies]
+num-traits = "*"
 rayon = "1.5.0"
 
 [dependencies.image]
+default-features = false
 features = ["jpeg", "png"]
 version = "0.23.14"
-default-features = false
 
 [dependencies.rand]
 features = ["small_rng"]

src/aabb.rs

@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ impl Aabb {
 
     pub fn hit(&self, ray: &Ray, mut t_min: f64, mut t_max: f64) -> bool {
         for i in 0..=2 {
-            let inverse_dir = 1.0 / ray.direction()[i];
-            let mut t0 = (self.min[i] - ray.origin()[i]) * inverse_dir;
-            let mut t1 = (self.max[i] - ray.origin()[i]) * inverse_dir;
+            let inverse_dir = 1.0 / ray.direction[i];
+            let mut t0 = (self.min[i] - ray.origin[i]) * inverse_dir;
+            let mut t1 = (self.max[i] - ray.origin[i]) * inverse_dir;
             if inverse_dir < 0.0 {
                 std::mem::swap(&mut t0, &mut t1);
             }
@@ -31,17 +31,8 @@ impl Aabb {
     }
 
     pub fn surrounding_box(box0: Aabb, box1: Aabb) -> Self {
-        let smol_box = Vec3::new(
-            box0.min.x().min(box1.min.x()),
-            box0.min.y().min(box1.min.y()),
-            box0.min.z().min(box1.min.z()),
-        );
-
-        let big_box = Vec3::new(
-            box0.max.x().max(box1.max.x()),
-            box0.max.y().max(box1.max.y()),
-            box0.max.z().max(box1.max.z()),
-        );
+        let smol_box = Vec3::min(box0.min, box1.min);
+        let big_box = Vec3::max(box0.max, box1.max);
 
         Self {
             min: smol_box,

src/demos/checkered_motion_blur.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 use crate::{
     demos::{Demo, ParallelHit},
-    materials::{Dielectric, Lambertian, Metal},
+    hitable::{
         shapes::{MovingSphere, Sphere},
+        BvhNode,
+    },
+    materials::{Dielectric, Lambertian, Metal},
     texture::{Checker, Solid},
     types::Vec3,
-    BvhNode, Camera,
+    Camera,
 };
 use rand::{rngs::SmallRng, Rng, SeedableRng};
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -18,6 +21,10 @@ impl Demo for CheckeredMotionBlur {
         "checkered_motion_blur"
     }
 
+    fn get_background(&self) -> Vec3 {
+        Vec3::new(0.7, 0.8, 1.0)
+    }
+
     fn world(&self) -> Self::DemoT {
         let mut world: Vec<Arc<dyn ParallelHit>> = Vec::with_capacity(500);
 

src/demos/cornell_box.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use rand::{prelude::SmallRng, SeedableRng};
+
+use crate::{
+    demos::{Demo, ParallelHit},
+    hitable::shapes::{Cuboid, RectBuilder},
+    materials::{DiffuseLight, Lambertian, MaterialBuilder},
+    texture::Solid,
+    types::Vec3,
+    BvhNode, Camera,
+};
+
+pub struct CornellBox {}
+
+impl Demo for CornellBox {
+    type DemoT = BvhNode<Arc<dyn ParallelHit>>;
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "cornell_box"
+    }
+
+    fn world(&self) -> Self::DemoT {
+        let mut world: Vec<Arc<dyn ParallelHit>> = Vec::with_capacity(8);
+
+        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+        let mut rng = SmallRng::from_rng(&mut rng).unwrap();
+
+        let red = Lambertian::new(Solid::new(Vec3::new(0.65, 0.05, 0.05)));
+        let white = Lambertian::new(Solid::new(Vec3::splat(0.73)));
+        let green = Lambertian::new(Solid::new(Vec3::new(0.12, 0.45, 0.15)));
+        let light = DiffuseLight::new(Solid::new(Vec3::splat(15.0)));
+
+        world.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .y(0.0..=555.0)
+                .z(0.0..=555.0)
+                .x(555.0)
+                .material(green),
+        ));
+        world.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .y(0.0..=555.0)
+                .z(0.0..=555.0)
+                .x(0.0)
+                .material(red),
+        ));
+        world.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .x(213.0..=343.0)
+                .z(227.0..=332.0)
+                .y(554.0)
+                .material(light),
+        ));
+
+        world.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .x(0.0..=555.0)
+                .z(0.0..=555.0)
+                .y(0.0)
+                .material(white),
+        ));
+        world.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .x(0.0..=555.0)
+                .z(0.0..=555.0)
+                .y(555.0)
+                .material(white),
+        ));
+        world.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .x(0.0..=555.0)
+                .y(0.0..=555.0)
+                .z(555.0)
+                .material(white),
+        ));
+
+        // Add the two boxes
+        world.push(Arc::new(Cuboid::new(
+            Vec3::new(136.0, 0.0, 65.0),
+            Vec3::new(295.0, 165.0, 230.0),
+            white,
+        )));
+        world.push(Arc::new(Cuboid::new(
+            Vec3::new(265.0, 0.0, 295.0),
+            Vec3::new(430.0, 330.0, 460.0),
+            white,
+        )));
+
+        BvhNode::new(&mut rng, &mut world, 0.0, 1.0)
+    }
+
+    fn camera(&self, aspect_ratio: f64) -> Camera {
+        let lookfrom = Vec3::new(278.0, 278.0, -800.0);
+        let lookat = Vec3::new(278.0, 278.0, 0.0);
+        let aperture = 0.1;
+        let focus_distance = 40.0;
+        Camera::new(
+            lookfrom,
+            lookat,
+            Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
+            40.0,
+            aspect_ratio,
+            aperture,
+            focus_distance,
+            0.0,
+            1.0,
+        )
+    }
+}

src/demos/image_texture.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use rand::{prelude::SmallRng, SeedableRng};
 
 use crate::{
     demos::{Demo, ParallelHit},
+    hitable::shapes::Sphere,
     materials::Lambertian,
-    shapes::Sphere,
     texture::ImageTexture,
     types::Vec3,
     BvhNode, Camera,
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ impl Demo for ImageTextureDemo {
         "image_texture"
     }
 
+    fn get_background(&self) -> Vec3 {
+        Vec3::new(0.7, 0.8, 1.0)
+    }
+
     fn world(&self) -> Self::DemoT {
         let mut world: Vec<Arc<dyn ParallelHit>> = Vec::with_capacity(1);
 

src/demos/mod.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-use crate::{types::Vec3, Camera, Hitable, HORIZONTAL_PARTITION, VERTICAL_PARTITION};
+use crate::{
+    hitable::Hitable,
+    types::{Color, Vec3},
+    Camera, HORIZONTAL_PARTITION, VERTICAL_PARTITION,
+};
 use rand::{rngs::SmallRng, Rng, SeedableRng};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 use std::{
@@ -9,12 +13,14 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 mod checkered_motion_blur;
+mod cornell_box;
 mod image_texture;
 mod perlin_noise_ball;
 mod simple_light;
 mod two_spheres;
 
 pub use checkered_motion_blur::CheckeredMotionBlur;
+pub use cornell_box::CornellBox;
 pub use image_texture::ImageTextureDemo;
 pub use perlin_noise_ball::PerlinNoiseBall;
 pub use simple_light::SimpleLight;
@@ -55,7 +61,7 @@ pub trait Demo: Send + Sync {
     fn camera(&self, aspect_ratio: f64) -> Camera;
 
     fn get_background(&self) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3::new(0.7, 0.8, 1.0)
+        Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
     }
 
     fn render_chunk(&self, chunk: &mut Chunk, camera: &Camera, world: &Self::DemoT, samples: u16) {
@@ -156,14 +162,16 @@ pub trait Demo: Send + Sync {
 
     #[inline]
     fn update_rgb(&self, buffer: &mut [u8], color: Vec3, offset: usize) {
+        let color: Color = color.into();
+
         if let Some(pos) = buffer.get_mut(offset) {
-            *pos = (255.99 * color.r().sqrt()) as u8;
+            *pos = color.0;
         }
         if let Some(pos) = buffer.get_mut(offset + 1) {
-            *pos = (255.99 * color.g().sqrt()) as u8;
+            *pos = color.1
         }
         if let Some(pos) = buffer.get_mut(offset + 2) {
-            *pos = (255.99 * color.b().sqrt()) as u8;
+            *pos = color.2;
         }
     }
 

src/demos/perlin_noise_ball.rs

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ use rand::{prelude::SmallRng, SeedableRng};
 
 use crate::{
     demos::{Demo, ParallelHit},
+    hitable::{shapes::Sphere, BvhNode},
     materials::Lambertian,
-    shapes::Sphere,
     texture::PerlinNoise,
     types::Vec3,
-    BvhNode, Camera,
+    Camera,
 };
 
 pub struct PerlinNoiseBall {}
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ impl Demo for PerlinNoiseBall {
         "perlin_noise"
     }
 
+    fn get_background(&self) -> Vec3 {
+        Vec3::new(0.7, 0.8, 1.0)
+    }
+
     fn world(&self) -> Self::DemoT {
         let mut world: Vec<Arc<dyn ParallelHit>> = Vec::with_capacity(2);
 

src/demos/simple_light.rs

@@ -4,11 +4,14 @@ use rand::{prelude::SmallRng, SeedableRng};
 
 use crate::{
     demos::{Demo, ParallelHit},
-    materials::{DiffuseLight, Lambertian},
-    shapes::{Sphere, XyRectangle},
+    hitable::{
+        shapes::{RectBuilder, Sphere},
+        BvhNode,
+    },
+    materials::{DiffuseLight, Lambertian, MaterialBuilder},
     texture::{PerlinNoise, Solid},
     types::Vec3,
-    BvhNode, Camera,
+    Camera,
 };
 
 pub struct SimpleLight {}
@@ -20,10 +23,6 @@ impl Demo for SimpleLight {
         "simple_light"
     }
 
-    fn get_background(&self) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-    }
-
     fn world(&self) -> Self::DemoT {
         let mut world: Vec<Arc<dyn ParallelHit>> = Vec::with_capacity(5);
         let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
@@ -39,14 +38,14 @@ impl Demo for SimpleLight {
             2.0,
             Lambertian::new(PerlinNoise::with_scale(&mut rng, 4.0)),
         )));
-        world.push(Arc::new(XyRectangle::new(
-            3.0,
-            5.0,
-            1.0,
-            3.0,
-            -2.0,
-            DiffuseLight::new(Solid::new(Vec3::new(4.0, 4.0, 4.0))),
-        )));
+
+        world.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .x(3.0..=5.0)
+                .y(1.0..=3.0)
+                .z(-2.0)
+                .material(DiffuseLight::new(Solid::new(Vec3::new(4.0, 4.0, 4.0)))),
+        ));
         world.push(Arc::new(Sphere::new(
             Vec3::new(0.0, 7.0, 0.0),
             2.0,

src/demos/two_spheres.rs

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ use rand::{prelude::SmallRng, SeedableRng};
 
 use crate::{
     demos::{Demo, ParallelHit},
+    hitable::{shapes::Sphere, BvhNode},
     materials::Lambertian,
-    shapes::Sphere,
     texture::{Checker, Solid},
     types::Vec3,
-    BvhNode, Camera,
+    Camera,
 };
 
 pub struct TwoSpheres {}
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ impl Demo for TwoSpheres {
         "two_checkered_sphere"
     }
 
+    fn get_background(&self) -> Vec3 {
+        Vec3::new(0.7, 0.8, 1.0)
+    }
+
     fn world(&self) -> Self::DemoT {
         let mut world: Vec<Arc<dyn ParallelHit>> = Vec::with_capacity(2);
 

src/hitable/bvh.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 use rand::{prelude::SliceRandom, Rng};
 
-use crate::{types::Ray, Aabb, HitRecord, Hitable};
+use crate::{
+    hitable::{HitRecord, Hitable},
+    types::Ray,
+    Aabb,
+};
 
 pub struct BvhNode<T: Hitable> {
     bounding_box: Aabb,

src/hitable/hitable.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ pub struct HitRecord<'a> {
     /// texture coordinates for an object
     pub u: f64,
     pub v: f64,
+
+    pub front_face: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'a> HitRecord<'a> {
@@ -45,6 +47,17 @@ impl<'a> HitRecord<'a> {
             material,
             u,
             v,
+            front_face: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_face_normal(&mut self, ray: &Ray) {
+        self.front_face = ray.direction.dot(&self.normal) < 0.0;
+
+        self.normal = if self.front_face {
+            self.normal
+        } else {
+            -self.normal
         }
     }
 }
@@ -63,3 +76,37 @@ impl<T: Hitable + ?Sized> Hitable for Arc<T> {
         self.as_ref().bounding_box(t0, t1)
     }
 }
+
+pub struct Translate<T> {
+    object: T,
+    offset: Vec3,
+}
+
+impl<T> Translate<T> {
+    pub fn new(object: T, offset: Vec3) -> Self {
+        Self { object, offset }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Hitable> Hitable for Translate<T> {
+    fn hit(&self, ray: &Ray, t_min: f64, t_max: f64) -> Option<HitRecord> {
+        let moved_ray = Ray::new(ray.origin - self.offset, ray.direction, ray.time());
+
+        if let Some(mut hit) = self.object.hit(&moved_ray, t_min, t_max) {
+            hit.p += self.offset;
+            hit.set_face_normal(&moved_ray);
+
+            Some(hit)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn bounding_box(&self, t0: f64, t1: f64) -> Option<Aabb> {
+        if let Some(bbox) = self.object.bounding_box(t0, t1) {
+            Some(Aabb::new(bbox.min + self.offset, bbox.max + self.offset))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}

src/hitable/hitable_list.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::{demos::ParallelHit, types::Ray, Aabb, HitRecord, Hitable};
+use crate::{
+    demos::ParallelHit,
+    hitable::{HitRecord, Hitable},
+    types::Ray,
+    Aabb,
+};
 
 pub struct HitableList {
     pub list: Vec<Arc<dyn ParallelHit>>,

src/hitable/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+pub mod bvh;
+pub mod hitable;
+pub mod hitable_list;
+pub mod shapes;
+
+pub use bvh::*;
+pub use hitable::*;

src/hitable/shapes/cuboid.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::{
+    hitable::{hitable_list::HitableList, shapes::RectBuilder, HitRecord, Hitable},
+    materials::{Material, MaterialBuilder},
+    types::{Ray, Vec3},
+    Aabb,
+};
+
+pub struct Cuboid {
+    min: Vec3,
+    max: Vec3,
+    sides: HitableList,
+}
+
+impl Cuboid {
+    pub fn new(p0: Vec3, p1: Vec3, mat: impl Material + Clone + 'static) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            min: p0,
+            max: p1,
+            sides: Self::build_cuboid(p0, p1, mat),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build_cuboid(p0: Vec3, p1: Vec3, mat: impl Material + Clone + 'static) -> HitableList {
+        let mut sides = HitableList {
+            list: Vec::with_capacity(6),
+        };
+
+        sides.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .x(p0.x()..=p1.x())
+                .y(p0.y()..=p1.y())
+                .z(p1.z())
+                .material(mat.clone()),
+        ));
+        sides.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .x(p0.x()..=p1.x())
+                .y(p0.y()..=p1.y())
+                .z(p0.z())
+                .material(mat.clone()),
+        ));
+
+        sides.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .x(p0.x()..=p1.x())
+                .z(p0.z()..=p1.z())
+                .y(p1.y())
+                .material(mat.clone()),
+        ));
+        sides.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .x(p0.x()..=p1.x())
+                .z(p0.z()..=p1.z())
+                .y(p0.y())
+                .material(mat.clone()),
+        ));
+
+        sides.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .y(p0.y()..=p1.y())
+                .z(p0.z()..=p1.z())
+                .x(p1.x())
+                .material(mat.clone()),
+        ));
+        sides.push(Arc::new(
+            RectBuilder
+                .y(p0.y()..=p1.y())
+                .z(p0.z()..=p1.z())
+                .x(p0.x())
+                .material(mat),
+        ));
+
+        sides
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hitable for Cuboid {
+    fn hit(&self, ray: &Ray, t_min: f64, t_max: f64) -> Option<HitRecord> {
+        self.sides.hit(ray, t_min, t_max)
+    }
+
+    fn bounding_box(&self, _t0: f64, _t1: f64) -> Option<Aabb> {
+        Some(Aabb::new(self.min, self.max))
+    }
+}

src/hitable/shapes/mod.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+mod cuboid;
 mod moving_sphere;
+mod rectangle;
 mod sphere;
-mod xy_rectangle;
 
+pub use cuboid::Cuboid;
 pub use moving_sphere::MovingSphere;
+pub use rectangle::RectBuilder;
 pub use sphere::Sphere;
-pub use xy_rectangle::XyRectangle;

src/hitable/shapes/moving_sphere.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
+    hitable::{HitRecord, Hitable},
     types::{Ray, Vec3},
-    Aabb, HitRecord, Hitable, Material,
+    Aabb, Material,
 };
 
 pub struct MovingSphere<T: Material + Sized> {
@@ -53,9 +54,9 @@ impl<T: Material + Sized> MovingSphere<T> {
 
 impl<T: Material + Sized> Hitable for MovingSphere<T> {
     fn hit(&self, ray: &Ray, t_min: f64, t_max: f64) -> Option<HitRecord> {
-        let oc = ray.origin() - self.center(ray.time());
-        let a = ray.direction().dot(&ray.direction());
-        let b = oc.dot(&ray.direction());
+        let oc = ray.origin - self.center(ray.time());
+        let a = ray.direction.dot(&ray.direction);
+        let b = oc.dot(&ray.direction);
         let c = oc.dot(&oc) - self.radius * self.radius;
 
         let discriminant = b * b - a * c;

src/hitable/shapes/rectangle.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+use std::{marker::PhantomData, ops::RangeInclusive};
+
+use crate::{
+    hitable::{HitRecord, Hitable},
+    materials::MaterialBuilder,
+    types::{Ray, Vec3},
+    Aabb, Dimension, Material, X, Y, Z,
+};
+
+type DimRange = RangeInclusive<f64>;
+
+pub struct Rectangle<D1, D2, D3, T> {
+    d1_range: DimRange,
+    d2_range: DimRange,
+    d3: f64,
+    material: T,
+    tag: PhantomData<(D1, D2, D3)>,
+}
+
+impl<D1, D2, D3, T> Hitable for Rectangle<D1, D2, D3, T>
+where
+    T: Material,
+    D1: Dimension,
+    D2: Dimension,
+    D3: Dimension,
+{
+    fn hit(&self, ray: &Ray, t_min: f64, t_max: f64) -> Option<HitRecord> {
+        let t = (self.d3 - ray.origin.get::<D3>()) / ray.direction.get::<D3>();
+
+        if t < t_min || t > t_max {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let d1 = ray.origin.get::<D1>() + t * ray.direction.get::<D1>();
+        let d2 = ray.origin.get::<D2>() + t * ray.direction.get::<D2>();
+
+        if !self.d1_range.contains(&d1) || !self.d2_range.contains(&d2) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let u = (d1 - self.d1_range.start()) / (self.d1_range.end() - self.d1_range.start());
+        let v = (d2 - self.d2_range.start()) / (self.d2_range.end() - self.d2_range.start());
+
+        let mut hit_rec = HitRecord::new(
+            t,
+            ray.point_at_parameter(t),
+            Vec3::splat(0.0).set::<D3>(1.0),
+            &self.material,
+            (u, v),
+        );
+
+        hit_rec.set_face_normal(ray);
+
+        Some(hit_rec)
+    }
+
+    fn bounding_box(&self, _t0: f64, _t1: f64) -> Option<Aabb> {
+        // Since this is a axis aligned Rectangle and we are using AABB BVH, Gap between the rectangle and
+        // the bounding box will be infinitely small
+
+        let (&d1_0, &d1_1) = (self.d1_range.start(), self.d1_range.end());
+        let (&d2_0, &d2_1) = (self.d2_range.start(), self.d2_range.end());
+
+        let min = Vec3::splat(self.d3 - 0.0001)
+            .set::<D1>(d1_0)
+            .set::<D2>(d2_0);
+        let max = Vec3::splat(self.d3 + 0.0001)
+            .set::<D1>(d1_1)
+            .set::<D2>(d2_1);
+
+        Some(Aabb::new(min, max))
+    }
+}
+
+// taken from, https://github.com/Globidev/toy-rt/blob/master/trt-core/src/hit/rect.rs#L74
+// because it's amazing!
+
+pub struct RectBuilder;
+
+macro_rules! builder {
+    ($name:ident, $dim:ty) => {
+        pub fn $name(self, range: RangeInclusive<f64>) -> OneBoundedRectBuilder<$dim> {
+            OneBoundedRectBuilder {
+                range,
+                tag: PhantomData,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+pub struct OneBoundedRectBuilder<D> {
+    range: DimRange,
+    tag: PhantomData<D>,
+}
+
+impl RectBuilder {
+    builder!(x, X);
+    builder!(y, Y);
+    builder!(z, Z);
+}
+
+macro_rules! one_bounded_rect_builder {
+    ($name:ident, $dim1: ty, $dim2: ty) => {
+        pub fn $name(self, d2_range: DimRange) -> TwoBoundedRectBuilder<$dim1, $dim2> {
+            TwoBoundedRectBuilder {
+                d1_range: self.range,
+                d2_range,
+                tag: PhantomData,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl OneBoundedRectBuilder<X> {
+    one_bounded_rect_builder!(y, X, Y);
+    one_bounded_rect_builder!(z, X, Z);
+}
+impl OneBoundedRectBuilder<Y> {
+    one_bounded_rect_builder!(x, Y, X);
+    one_bounded_rect_builder!(z, Y, Z);
+}
+impl OneBoundedRectBuilder<Z> {
+    one_bounded_rect_builder!(x, Z, X);
+    one_bounded_rect_builder!(y, Z, Y);
+}
+
+pub struct TwoBoundedRectBuilder<D1, D2> {
+    d1_range: DimRange,
+    d2_range: DimRange,
+    tag: PhantomData<(D1, D2)>,
+}
+
+macro_rules! two_bounded_rect_builder {
+    ($name:ident, $dim1: ty, $dim2: ty, $dim3: ty) => {
+        pub fn $name(self, $name: f64) -> ThreeBoundedRectBuilder<$dim1, $dim2, $dim3> {
+            ThreeBoundedRectBuilder {
+                d1_range: self.d1_range,
+                d2_range: self.d2_range,
+                d3: $name,
+                tag: PhantomData,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl TwoBoundedRectBuilder<X, Y> {
+    two_bounded_rect_builder!(z, X, Y, Z);
+}
+impl TwoBoundedRectBuilder<X, Z> {
+    two_bounded_rect_builder!(y, X, Z, Y);
+}
+impl TwoBoundedRectBuilder<Y, Z> {
+    two_bounded_rect_builder!(x, Y, Z, X);
+}
+
+pub struct ThreeBoundedRectBuilder<D1, D2, D3> {
+    d1_range: DimRange,
+    d2_range: DimRange,
+    d3: f64,
+    tag: PhantomData<(D1, D2, D3)>,
+}
+
+impl<D1, D2, D3, T> MaterialBuilder<T> for ThreeBoundedRectBuilder<D1, D2, D3> {
+    type Finished = Rectangle<D1, D2, D3, T>;
+
+    fn material(self, material: T) -> Self::Finished {
+        Rectangle {
+            d1_range: self.d1_range,
+            d2_range: self.d2_range,
+            d3: self.d3,
+            material,
+            tag: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}

src/hitable/shapes/sphere.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
+    hitable::{HitRecord, Hitable},
     types::{Ray, Vec3},
-    Aabb, HitRecord, Hitable, Material,
+    Aabb, Material,
 };
 
 pub struct Sphere<T: Material + Sized> {
@@ -34,9 +35,9 @@ impl<T: Material + Sized> Sphere<T> {
 
 impl<T: Material + Sized> Hitable for Sphere<T> {
     fn hit(&self, ray: &Ray, t_min: f64, t_max: f64) -> Option<HitRecord> {
-        let oc = ray.origin() - self.center;
-        let a = ray.direction().dot(&ray.direction());
-        let b = oc.dot(&ray.direction());
+        let oc = ray.origin - self.center;
+        let a = ray.direction.dot(&ray.direction);
+        let b = oc.dot(&ray.direction);
         let c = oc.dot(&oc) - self.radius * self.radius;
 
         // The discriminant is calculated using b^2 - 4 * a * c

src/main.rs

@@ -1,33 +1,32 @@
 #![allow(clippy::suspicious_arithmetic_impl)]
 
 mod aabb;
-mod bvh;
 mod camera;
 mod demos;
 mod hitable;
-mod hitable_list;
 mod materials;
-mod shapes;
 mod texture;
 mod types;
 
 pub use aabb::Aabb;
-pub use bvh::BvhNode;
 pub use camera::Camera;
-pub use hitable::{HitRecord, Hitable};
-pub use hitable_list::HitableList;
 pub use materials::Material;
 pub use texture::Texture;
+pub use types::{Dimension, X, Y, Z};
 
+use crate::hitable::BvhNode;
 use demos::Demo;
 
 use std::time::Instant;
 
-const NUM_SAMPLES: u16 = 1000;
+pub trait Asf64: num_traits::AsPrimitive<f64> {}
+impl<T: num_traits::AsPrimitive<f64>> Asf64 for T {}
+
+const NUM_SAMPLES: u16 = 100;
 const VERTICAL_PARTITION: usize = 12;
 const HORIZONTAL_PARTITION: usize = 12;
-const WIDTH: usize = 2560;
-const HEIGHT: usize = 1440;
+const WIDTH: usize = 1500;
+const HEIGHT: usize = 1500;
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), String> {
     run(WIDTH, HEIGHT)
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ fn run(mut width: usize, mut height: usize) -> Result<(), String> {
         .create_texture_static(PixelFormatEnum::BGR888, width as u32, height as u32)
         .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
 
-    let mut active_demo: &dyn Demo<DemoT = BvhNode<Arc<dyn ParallelHit>>> = &demos::SimpleLight {};
+    let mut active_demo: &dyn Demo<DemoT = BvhNode<Arc<dyn ParallelHit>>> = &demos::CornellBox {};
     let mut should_update = true;
 
     loop {
@@ -104,6 +103,10 @@ fn run(mut width: usize, mut height: usize) -> Result<(), String> {
                             active_demo = &demos::SimpleLight {};
                             should_update = true;
                         }
+                        Some(Keycode::Num6) => {
+                            active_demo = &demos::CornellBox {};
+                            should_update = true;
+                        }
                         None => unreachable!(),
                         _ => (),
                     };

src/materials/dielectric.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 use rand::{prelude::SmallRng, Rng};
 
 use crate::{
+    hitable::HitRecord,
     materials::{reflect, refract, schlick},
     types::{Ray, Vec3},
-    HitRecord, Material,
+    Material,
 };
 
 pub struct Dielectric {
-    reflection_index: f64,
+    refraction_index: f64,
 }
 
 impl Dielectric {
-    pub fn new(reflection_index: f64) -> Self {
-        Self { reflection_index }
+    pub fn new(refraction_index: f64) -> Self {
+        Self { refraction_index }
     }
 }
 
@@ -23,44 +24,37 @@ impl Material for Dielectric {
         hit_rec: &HitRecord,
         rng: &mut SmallRng,
     ) -> (Vec3, Option<Ray>) {
-        let reflected_ray = reflect(ray_in.direction(), hit_rec.normal);
         // Glass absorbs nothing! So, Attenuation is always going to be 1.0 for this
         let attenuation = Vec3::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
 
-        let (outward_normal, ni_over_nt, cosine) = if ray_in.direction().dot(&hit_rec.normal) > 0.0
-        {
-            (
-                -hit_rec.normal,
-                self.reflection_index,
-                (ray_in.direction().dot(&hit_rec.normal) * self.reflection_index)
-                    / ray_in.direction().length(),
-            )
+        let refraction_ratio = if hit_rec.front_face {
+            1.0 / self.refraction_index
         } else {
-            (
-                hit_rec.normal,
-                1.0 / self.reflection_index,
-                (-ray_in.direction().dot(&hit_rec.normal)) / ray_in.direction().length(),
-            )
+            self.refraction_index
         };
 
-        if let Some(refracted_ray) = refract(ray_in.direction(), outward_normal, ni_over_nt) {
-            let reflect_prob = schlick(cosine, self.reflection_index);
+        let unit_direction = ray_in.direction.unit_vector();
+        let cosine = (-unit_direction).dot(&hit_rec.normal).min(1.0);
+        let sin_theta = (1.0 - cosine * cosine).sqrt();
 
-            if rng.gen::<f64>() < reflect_prob {
+        let cannot_refract = refraction_ratio * sin_theta > 1.0;
+
+        if cannot_refract || schlick(cosine, refraction_ratio) > rng.gen::<f64>() {
+            let direction = reflect(unit_direction, hit_rec.normal);
             (
                 attenuation,
-                    Some(Ray::new(hit_rec.p, reflected_ray, ray_in.time())),
+                Some(Ray::new(hit_rec.p, direction, ray_in.time())),
+            )
+        } else if let Some(direction) = refract(unit_direction, hit_rec.normal, refraction_ratio) {
+            (
+                attenuation,
+                Some(Ray::new(hit_rec.p, direction, ray_in.time())),
             )
         } else {
+            let direction = reflect(unit_direction, hit_rec.normal);
             (
                 attenuation,
-                    Some(Ray::new(hit_rec.p, refracted_ray, ray_in.time())),
-                )
-            }
-        } else {
-            (
-                attenuation,
-                Some(Ray::new(hit_rec.p, reflected_ray, ray_in.time())),
+                Some(Ray::new(hit_rec.p, direction, ray_in.time())),
             )
         }
     }

src/materials/lambertian.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 use rand::prelude::SmallRng;
 
 use crate::{
+    hitable::HitRecord,
     materials::random_point_in_unit_sphere,
     types::{Ray, Vec3},
-    HitRecord, Material, Texture,
+    Material, Texture,
 };
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct Lambertian<T: Texture> {
     albedo: T,
 }

src/materials/metal.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 use rand::prelude::SmallRng;
 
 use crate::{
+    hitable::HitRecord,
     materials::{random_point_in_unit_sphere, reflect},
     types::{Ray, Vec3},
-    HitRecord, Material,
+    Material,
 };
 
 pub struct Metal {
@@ -28,14 +29,14 @@ impl Material for Metal {
         hit_rec: &HitRecord,
         rng: &mut SmallRng,
     ) -> (Vec3, Option<Ray>) {
-        let reflected_ray = reflect(ray_in.direction().unit_vector(), hit_rec.normal);
+        let reflected_ray = reflect(ray_in.direction.unit_vector(), hit_rec.normal);
         let scattered_ray = Ray::new(
             hit_rec.p,
             reflected_ray + random_point_in_unit_sphere(rng) * self.fuzz,
             ray_in.time(),
         );
 
-        if scattered_ray.direction().dot(&hit_rec.normal) > 0.0 {
+        if scattered_ray.direction.dot(&hit_rec.normal) > 0.0 {
             (self.albedo, Some(scattered_ray))
         } else {
             (self.albedo, None)

src/materials/mod.rs

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ pub use metal::Metal;
 use rand::{prelude::SmallRng, Rng};
 
 use crate::{
+    hitable::HitRecord,
     types::{Ray, Vec3},
-    HitRecord,
 };
 
 pub trait Material: Send + Sync {
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ pub trait Material: Send + Sync {
         _hit_rec: &HitRecord,
         _rng: &mut SmallRng,
     ) -> (Vec3, Option<Ray>) {
-        (Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), None)
+        (Vec3::splat(0.0), None)
     }
 
     fn emit(&self, _u: f64, _v: f64, _p: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+        Vec3::splat(0.0)
     }
 }
 
@@ -56,11 +56,15 @@ fn refract(incident: Vec3, normal: Vec3, ni_over_nt: f64) -> Option<Vec3> {
 }
 
 fn random_point_in_unit_sphere<R: Rng + ?Sized>(rng: &mut R) -> Vec3 {
-    let mut point = Vec3::new(rng.gen::<f64>(), rng.gen::<f64>(), rng.gen::<f64>()) * 2.0
-        - Vec3::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    let mut point = Vec3::random(rng) * 2.0 - Vec3::splat(1.0);
     while point.sq_len() >= 1.0 {
-        point = Vec3::new(rng.gen::<f64>(), rng.gen::<f64>(), rng.gen::<f64>()) * 2.0
-            - Vec3::new(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+        point = Vec3::random(rng) * 2.0 - Vec3::splat(1.0);
     }
     point
 }
+
+pub trait MaterialBuilder<T> {
+    type Finished;
+
+    fn material(self, material: T) -> Self::Finished;
+}

src/shapes/xy_rectangle.rs

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    types::{Ray, Vec3},
-    Aabb, HitRecord, Hitable, Material,
-};
-
-pub struct XyRectangle<T: Material> {
-    x0: f64,
-    x1: f64,
-    y0: f64,
-    y1: f64,
-    k: f64,
-    material: T,
-}
-
-impl<T: Material> XyRectangle<T> {
-    pub fn new(x0: f64, x1: f64, y0: f64, y1: f64, k: f64, material: T) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            x0,
-            x1,
-            y0,
-            y1,
-            k,
-            material,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Material> Hitable for XyRectangle<T> {
-    fn hit(&self, ray: &Ray, t_min: f64, t_max: f64) -> Option<HitRecord> {
-        let t = (self.k - ray.origin().z()) / ray.direction().z();
-
-        if t < t_min || t > t_max {
-            None
-        } else {
-            let x = ray.origin().x() + t * ray.direction().x();
-            let y = ray.origin().y() + t * ray.direction().y();
-
-            if x < self.x0 || x > self.x1 || y < self.y0 || y > self.y1 {
-                None
-            } else {
-                let u = (x - self.x0) / (self.x1 - self.x0);
-                let v = (y - self.y0) / (self.y1 - self.y0);
-
-                Some(HitRecord::new(
-                    t,
-                    ray.point_at_parameter(t),
-                    Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
-                    &self.material,
-                    (u, v),
-                ))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn bounding_box(&self, _t0: f64, _t1: f64) -> Option<Aabb> {
-        // Since this is a axis aligned Rectangle and we are using AABB BVH, Gap between the rectangle and
-        // the bounding box will be infinitely small
-
-        Some(Aabb::new(
-            Vec3::new(self.x0, self.y0, self.k - 0.0001),
-            Vec3::new(self.x1, self.y1, self.k + 0.0001),
-        ))
-    }
-}

src/texture/solid.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{types::Vec3, Texture};
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct Solid {
     color: Vec3,
 }

src/types/color.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use crate::types::Vec3;
+
+pub struct Color(pub u8, pub u8, pub u8);
+
+impl From<Vec3> for Color {
+    fn from(v: Vec3) -> Self {
+        let v = v.sqrt() * 255.99;
+        let (r, g, b) = (v.x(), v.y(), v.z());
+
+        Self(r as u8, g as u8, b as u8)
+    }
+}

src/types/dimension.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Taken from, https://github.com/Globidev/toy-rt/tree/master/trt-core/src/dimension.rs
+
+pub trait Dimension {
+    const INDEX: usize;
+}
+
+pub struct X;
+pub struct Y;
+pub struct Z;
+
+impl Dimension for X {
+    const INDEX: usize = 0;
+}
+
+impl Dimension for Y {
+    const INDEX: usize = 1;
+}
+
+impl Dimension for Z {
+    const INDEX: usize = 2;
+}

src/types/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
+mod color;
+mod dimension;
 mod ray;
 mod vec3;
 
+pub use color::Color;
+pub use dimension::{Dimension, X, Y, Z};
 pub use ray::Ray;
 pub use vec3::Vec3;

src/types/ray.rs

@@ -1,28 +1,25 @@
 use rand::prelude::SmallRng;
 
-use crate::{types::Vec3, Hitable};
+use crate::{hitable::Hitable, types::Vec3};
 
 pub struct Ray {
-    a: Vec3,
-    b: Vec3,
+    pub origin: Vec3,
+    pub direction: Vec3,
     time: f64,
 }
 
 impl Ray {
-    pub fn new(a: Vec3, b: Vec3, time: f64) -> Ray {
-        Ray { a, b, time }
+    pub fn new(origin: Vec3, direction: Vec3, time: f64) -> Ray {
+        Ray {
+            origin,
+            direction,
+            time,
         }
-    #[inline]
-    pub const fn origin(&self) -> Vec3 {
-        self.a
-    }
-    #[inline]
-    pub const fn direction(&self) -> Vec3 {
-        self.b
     }
+
     #[inline]
     pub fn point_at_parameter(&self, t: f64) -> Vec3 {
-        self.a + self.b * t
+        self.origin + self.direction * t
     }
     #[inline]
     pub const fn time(&self) -> f64 {
@@ -38,7 +35,7 @@ impl Ray {
     ) -> Vec3 {
         if let Some(hit_rec) = world.hit(self, 0.001, std::f64::MAX) {
             if depth >= 50 {
-                Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+                Vec3::splat(0.0f64)
             } else {
                 let material = hit_rec.material;
                 let emitted_color = hit_rec.material.emit(hit_rec.u, hit_rec.v, hit_rec.p);

src/types/vec3.rs

@@ -5,37 +5,45 @@ use std::{
 
 use rand::Rng;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+use crate::{Asf64, Dimension, X, Y, Z};
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct Vec3([f64; 3]);
 
 impl Vec3 {
     #[inline]
-    pub const fn new(a: f64, b: f64, c: f64) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3([a, b, c])
+    pub fn new(a: impl Asf64, b: impl Asf64, c: impl Asf64) -> Vec3 {
+        Vec3([a.as_(), b.as_(), c.as_()])
     }
+
+    pub fn splat(xyz: impl Asf64) -> Self {
+        Self::new(xyz, xyz, xyz)
+    }
+
+    pub fn random<R: Rng + ?Sized>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
+        Self(rng.gen())
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub fn x(&self) -> f64 {
-        self[0]
+        self.get::<X>()
     }
     #[inline]
     pub fn y(&self) -> f64 {
-        self[1]
+        self.get::<Y>()
     }
     #[inline]
     pub fn z(&self) -> f64 {
-        self[2]
+        self.get::<Z>()
     }
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn r(&self) -> f64 {
-        self[0]
+
+    pub fn get<D: Dimension>(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.0[D::INDEX]
     }
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn g(&self) -> f64 {
-        self[1]
-    }
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn b(&self) -> f64 {
-        self[2]
+
+    pub fn set<D: Dimension>(mut self, value: f64) -> Self {
+        self.0[D::INDEX] = value;
+        self
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -45,40 +53,55 @@ impl Vec3 {
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn sq_len(&self) -> f64 {
-        self[0] * self[0] + self[1] * self[1] + self[2] * self[2]
+        self.x() * self.x() + self.y() * self.y() + self.z() * self.z()
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn dot(&self, v: &Vec3) -> f64 {
-        self[0] * v[0] + self[1] * v[1] + self[2] * v[2]
+        self.x() * v.x() + self.y() * v.y() + self.z() * v.z()
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn cross(&self, v: &Vec3) -> Vec3 {
         Vec3([
-            self[1] * v[2] - self[2] * v[1],
-            self[2] * v[0] - self[0] * v[2],
-            self[0] * v[1] - self[1] * v[0],
+            self.y() * v.z() - self.z() * v.y(),
+            self.z() * v.x() - self.x() * v.z(),
+            self.x() * v.y() - self.y() * v.x(),
         ])
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn make_unit_vector(&mut self) {
-        let k = 1.0f64 / (self[0] * self[0] + self[1] * self[1] + self[2] * self[2]);
-        self[0] *= k;
-        self[1] *= k;
-        self[2] *= k;
+    pub fn unit_vector(self) -> Vec3 {
+        self / self.length()
+    }
+
+    pub fn min(self, other: Self) -> Vec3 {
+        Self([
+            self.x().min(other.x()),
+            self.y().min(other.y()),
+            self.z().min(other.z()),
+        ])
+    }
+
+    pub fn max(self, other: Self) -> Vec3 {
+        Self([
+            self.x().max(other.x()),
+            self.y().max(other.y()),
+            self.z().max(other.z()),
+        ])
+    }
+
+    pub fn min_element(self) -> f64 {
+        self.x().min(self.y()).min(self.z())
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_element(self) -> f64 {
+        self.x().max(self.y()).max(self.z())
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn unit_vector(&self) -> Vec3 {
-        let length = self.length();
-        Vec3([self[0] / length, self[1] / length, self[2] / length])
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn random<R: Rng + ?Sized>(rng: &mut R) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3([rng.gen(), rng.gen(), rng.gen()])
+    pub fn sqrt(self) -> Self {
+        Vec3::new(self.x().sqrt(), self.y().sqrt(), self.z().sqrt())
     }
 }
 
@@ -86,7 +109,7 @@ impl Add for Vec3 {
     type Output = Vec3;
 
     fn add(self, o: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3([self[0] + o[0], self[1] + o[1], self[2] + o[2]])
+        Vec3([self.x() + o.x(), self.y() + o.y(), self.z() + o.z()])
     }
 }
 
@@ -102,15 +125,15 @@ impl Sub for Vec3 {
     type Output = Vec3;
 
     fn sub(self, o: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3([self[0] - o[0], self[1] - o[1], self[2] - o[2]])
+        Vec3([self.x() - o.x(), self.y() - o.y(), self.z() - o.z()])
     }
 }
 
 impl SubAssign for Vec3 {
     fn sub_assign(&mut self, o: Vec3) {
-        self[0] -= o[0];
-        self[1] -= o[1];
-        self[2] -= o[2];
+        self.0[0] -= o.0[0];
+        self.0[1] -= o.0[1];
+        self.0[2] -= o.0[2];
     }
 }
 
@@ -118,37 +141,37 @@ impl Neg for Vec3 {
     type Output = Vec3;
 
     fn neg(self) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3([-self[0], -self[1], -self[2]])
+        Vec3([-self.x(), -self.y(), -self.z()])
     }
 }
 
 impl MulAssign<Vec3> for Vec3 {
     fn mul_assign(&mut self, o: Vec3) {
-        self[0] *= o[0];
-        self[1] *= o[1];
-        self[2] *= o[2];
+        self.0[0] *= o.0[0];
+        self.0[1] *= o.0[1];
+        self.0[2] *= o.0[2];
     }
 }
 
 impl MulAssign<f64> for Vec3 {
     fn mul_assign(&mut self, o: f64) {
-        self[0] *= o;
-        self[1] *= o;
-        self[2] *= o;
+        self.0[0] *= o;
+        self.0[1] *= o;
+        self.0[2] *= o;
     }
 }
 
 impl Mul<f64> for Vec3 {
     type Output = Vec3;
     fn mul(self, o: f64) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3([self[0] * o, self[1] * o, self[2] * o])
+        Vec3([self.x() * o, self.y() * o, self.z() * o])
     }
 }
 
 impl Mul<Vec3> for Vec3 {
     type Output = Vec3;
     fn mul(self, o: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3([self[0] * o[0], self[1] * o[1], self[2] * o[2]])
+        Vec3([self.x() * o.x(), self.y() * o.y(), self.z() * o.z()])
     }
 }
 
@@ -156,7 +179,7 @@ impl Div<Vec3> for Vec3 {
     type Output = Vec3;
 
     fn div(self, o: Vec3) -> Vec3 {
-        Vec3([self[0] / o[0], self[1] / o[1], self[2] / o[2]])
+        Vec3([self.x() / o.x(), self.y() / o.y(), self.z() / o.z()])
     }
 }
 
@@ -165,7 +188,7 @@ impl Div<f64> for Vec3 {
 
     fn div(self, o: f64) -> Vec3 {
         let o = 1.0 / o;
-        Vec3([self[0] * o, self[1] * o, self[2] * o])
+        Vec3([self.x() * o, self.y() * o, self.z() * o])
     }
 }
 
@@ -194,6 +217,17 @@ impl IndexMut<usize> for Vec3 {
 
 impl Display for Vec3 {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> FmtResult {
-        f.write_fmt(format_args!("{} {} {}", self[0], self[1], self[2]))
+        f.write_fmt(format_args!(
+            "{} {} {}",
+            self.get::<X>(),
+            self.get::<Y>(),
+            self.get::<Z>()
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A: Asf64, B: Asf64, C: Asf64> From<(A, B, C)> for Vec3 {
+    fn from((x, y, z): (A, B, C)) -> Self {
+        Self::new(x, y, z)
     }
 }